The status quo and situation of LED industry development at home and abroad show the following remarkable features:
(1) The global industrial structure presents a monopoly situation, mainly concentrated in Japan and Taiwan.
The semiconductor lighting industry has formed a three-legged industrial distribution and competition pattern dominated by Asia, the United States and Europe. The global LED industry is mainly distributed in Japan and Taiwan. Among them, Japan's LED output value reached 2.87 billion U.S. dollars in 2005, accounting for nearly 50% of global LED output value; Taiwan (including production on Taiwan and mainland China) LED output value reached 2005 1.2 billion US dollars, accounting for about 21% of the global LED output value ranked second.
(2) International manufacturers lead the development of the industry, taking advantage of technological advantages to occupy the production of high value-added products
Japanese Nic hia, Toyoda Gosei, American Cree, Lumileds, GelCore, European Orsam and other international manufacturers represent the highest level of LED, leading the development of semiconductor lighting products industry. Companies in Japan and the United States use their innovative strengths in new products and technologies to focus on the production of the highest value-added products. Among them, Japan almost monopolizes the global high-end blue and green LED market, and is the second largest production area in the world with the largest packaging output.
(3) Industrial investment continues to increase, and the pace of cooperation among internationally renowned manufacturers is accelerating to occupy a favorable market position.
With the rapid development of the market, major manufacturers in the United States, Japan, and Europe have expanded their production to accelerate their market share. Japan's Nichia, Toyoda Gosei, the United States Cree, Lumileds and other internationally renowned semiconductor lighting manufacturers have increased investment.
With the intensification of the division of labor and competition in the LED industry, the pace of cooperation among international companies in equity investment, processing, agency sales, patent interaction authorization, and strategic alliances is accelerating. For example, Sumitomo Electric Co., Ltd. has become the sales agent of Cree in Japan, and Cree and Osram have signed long-term supply agreements. There are indications that the pace of cooperation between international manufacturers is accelerating, and strategic alliances jointly occupy a favorable market position.
(4) China has become an important packaging base, and enterprises at home and abroad have invested to seize the huge domestic market.
Since the implementation of semiconductor lighting engineering in 2003, China's LED industry has entered a period of rapid development. China's downstream packaging has achieved mass production and is becoming an important middle and low-end LED packaging base in the world.
Attracted by the huge manufacturing capacity and market consumption of domestic downstream application products, in addition to the actively involved private capital, many investors in Taiwan, Hong Kong, South Korea and Japan have invested in China to improve the technical level of China's semiconductor lighting industry. At the same time as the international competitiveness of the industry, it has also intensified the battle for the domestic market.
Key drivers of industrial development:
(1) Emerging markets continue to form and continue to promote industrial scale growth
With the continuous improvement and improvement of LED luminous efficiency and performance, LED has gradually penetrated into mature application fields such as indicator light, mobile phone backlight, display screen and traffic signal, and is gradually infiltrating into emerging application markets such as medium and large LCD backlights, automobiles and lighting. . In terms of market development, LEDs for medium and large-size LCD backlights and automotive lamps are becoming the fastest growing application market. It is expected that the market for high-brightness LEDs will continue to grow at a rate of 14% in the next few years. The high-brightness LED market in 2009 will It reached $7.2 billion.
(2) The pace of technological innovation has been significantly accelerated, and the practical process of LED lighting has been promoted.
In the face of huge market opportunities, new technologies of major companies in the world continue to make breakthroughs, and the pace of innovation in semiconductor lighting technology is accelerating. Japan Nichia launched a 100 lm/W@20mA white LED product in June 2006. In December 2006, it developed a 150 lm/W white LED for laboratory illumination; in July 2006, Cree developed a luminescence. White LED with an efficiency of 131lm/W@20mA; in early 2007, Lumileds successfully developed a high-power white LED with a luminous efficiency of 115 lm/W@350mA and a luminous flux of 136 lm. It can be said that the dawn of white LEDs entering the field of general lighting has already appeared.
(3) Jointly develop testing and safety standards, standardize and promote the development of the lighting market
LED and developed countries such as the United States and Japan have extensively cooperated with relevant industry institutions and manufacturers to jointly develop white LED lighting technology standards. The development of testing standards and safety certification will be escorted for the consumption of LEDs. For example, in August 2006, the US Department of Energy and the North American Lighting Project (IESNA) jointly developed industry rules and standards for solid-state lighting technology. These rules will be one of the foundations for bringing the solid-state lighting industry into the Energy Star program. The ENERGY STAR standard program helps consumers recognize the energy efficiency and high performance of LED lighting products on the market, thereby facilitating the procurement of LED lighting products.
(4) Traditional lighting giants take the initiative to attack and vertically integrate to form an LED lighting system
Traditional lighting giants such as Philips, Osram, and GE are optimistic about the development prospects of LED lighting. They have formed LED lighting business companies through external acquisition or internal cultivation, and have formed a vertical integration advantage system of LED and lighting technology. With the rapid development of the LED industry in the field of lighting, traditional lighting giants also hope to make lighting products more innovative by introducing new light source designs. Therefore, LED lighting and traditional lighting are gradually merging into one, accelerating the formation of a new lighting business model, which is very conducive to the rapid promotion of LED lighting. In the development of high technology, South Korea is taking the lead in the field of microelectronics. For this reason, it has formulated specific measures to formulate high-tech development plans. Clearly focus on the development of microelectronics, optoelectronics, mechanical and electrical integration, new materials, fine chemicals, bioengineering and aviation. We will implement a one-stop organization and management, build a modern scientific research base, and a science and technology city throughout the whole process of research and development, production and sales, build the latest scientific and technological information network, strengthen technical exchanges and scientific research cooperation with developed countries, and increase the number of high-tech projects. Investment strength.
From a global perspective, the semiconductor industry originated in the United States. As early as the 1950s, the United States developed the world's first DRAM chip and MPU chip. Japan successfully overtook the United States in the 1980s and pushed the United States out of the DRAM market. In the early 1980s, South Korea began to vigorously develop the semiconductor industry. Although the technology, capital, and market in South Korea were not as advanced as those in the United States and Japan, and the investment in the semiconductor industry was large, South Korea successfully achieved catch-up in the 1990s. Leading the way in the international DRAM (dynamic memory) market.
In 1974, Korea's first local semiconductor company was founded by Korean-American scientists with experience in semiconductor design. In 1975, it was acquired by Samsung, and Samsung gradually began to produce various transistors and integrated circuits. In 1982, Samsung decided to enter the semiconductor industry on a large scale and established a semiconductor R&D laboratory, focusing on the reverse engineering of bipolar and metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) and the absorption of technical knowledge. The development of the Korean microelectronics industry has always been dominated by large enterprise groups, especially Samsung. Samsung has been involved in the large-scale integrated circuit industry since the early 1980s. In 1983, Samsung began to produce 64K DRAM. At that time, it was nearly four years behind the US and Japan. From the simple technical imitation, Samsung began to learn through active technology. Continuously accumulate technical capabilities and carry out technological innovations, after 256K (two years behind), 1M (one year behind Japan), 4M (six months behind), 16M (three months behind), and synchronized with the US and Japan at 64M. To 256M, the US and Japan launched in the first half of the year, and they went after catching up and catching up. Samsung only took 10 years. By 1994, Samsung became the world's number one DRAM manufacturer and the seventh largest semiconductor manufacturer, and other Korean manufacturers such as Hyundai and Venus were also among the best in the world. In 1996, it successfully developed the world's first 1GB DRAM; in 1994, it successfully launched a network video mobile phone CDMA watch-type mobile phone.
The success of the Korean semiconductor industry is mainly due to the key support policies implemented in the high-tech industry since the 1980s in Korea. “Mainly relying on investment†has driven the rapid development of the industry. In the meantime, the investment from the company accounted for more than half of the total investment. . Since then, direct investment has begun to decline, and investment from large companies and large banks has begun to rise. In terms of financial support, South Korea has established a new Korean technology-supporting financial company that specializes in high-tech industries, and implements state support for related projects in the form of enterprises. In 1975, South Korea developed a six-year plan to promote the development of the semiconductor industry. In the early days of industrial development, the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) and the Korea Institute of Electronics Technology (KIET) were established to conduct research on VLSI. It has played an important role in the development of the Korean microelectronics industry. More importantly, it has trained a large number of talents in microelectronics for Korea.
The research and development costs of microelectronics for each of the next generation are growing exponentially. In order to avoid duplication of investment between companies, South Korea has rapidly improved the technological capabilities of its own companies. In October 1986, 4M DRAM was listed as a national project. The three major semiconductor manufacturers in Korea: Samsung, LG, and Hyundai Alliance will be developed by a research institute, the Institute of Electronics and Telecommunications (ETRI), as the coordinator of these three major manufacturers and six universities. The goal is to develop and scale 4M DRAM by 1989, completely eliminating the technological gap with Japanese companies. In three years (1986-1989), R&D spent a total of 110 million US dollars, accounting for 57% of them, far exceeding the projects of other countries. In 1988, Samsung was the first of the three major companies to announce the completion of 4MDRAM design, only 6 months behind Japan. Samsung has filed 56 patents for 4MDRAM, LG is 40, modern is 38, university is 3, and ETRI is 11. Later, Samsung successfully developed 16M DRAM, which was shortened to three months behind Japan. In the development of 64M and 256MDRAM, South Korea will also be listed as a national project and organize a similar alliance. However, the three large companies have established independent research and development capabilities and refused to share knowledge with competitors. In August 1992, Samsung and Japanese manufacturers developed 64MDRAM at the same time. In the second half of 1994, Samsung became the world's first commercial 64MDRAM supplier to supply large companies such as HP, IBM and Sun. In August 1994, after investing $150 million in 30 months, Samsung successfully developed the world's first fully available 256 MDRAM sample, which significantly improved its ability to process large volumes of data. Samsung's internal research and development strength has been greatly improved during this period, and its R&D investment increased from 8.5 million US dollars in 1980 to 891.6 million US dollars in 1994. In the same period, R&D's share of total sales increased from 2.1% to 6.2%. The number of patents granted locally in Korea increased from 4 in 1980 to 1,413 in 194. Samsung's research and development capabilities have made a big leap.
There are two important factors in the successful development of the Korean microelectronics industry: one role, how to effectively participate in and regulate the development of the industry is the key; similarly, in the Korean model, the cultivation of talents and breakthroughs in core technologies are also Dependent on the role. Second, the joint research and development project established by the Institute and the three major enterprises has played a key role in the technological upgrading of the overall microelectronics industry in Korea, enabling Korean companies not only to achieve breakthroughs in independent development in 4M and 16MDRAM, but also to be able to A strong competitive position is formed in the market.
At the same time, South Korea attaches great importance to the development of small and medium-sized enterprises and believes that they are the main force for developing their own independent industries. At present, the development of these small and medium-sized enterprises is mostly oriented to the research and development of cutting-edge technologies, aiming at the industrialization of proprietary patented technologies. In terms of the creation of technology transfer platforms, South Korea allocates funds each year to support the incubation of SMEs, and banks and venture capital consortiums also provide assistance. South Korea is supporting large enterprises such as LG, Samsung, and Hyundai to allow small and medium-sized enterprises to participate in technology development while avoiding the imbalance in technology distribution, thus driving the development of the entire industry.
Before the 1970s, the United States did not have obvious industrial policies, mainly through industrial organization policies against monopoly. However, after the economic contraction of the 1970s, European and American countries began to pay attention to the role of research in economic development, especially in the face of Japan. With the rise and competition, European and American countries are paying more attention to the role of industrial policy in Japan's development.
A series of special tax incentives have been adopted to stimulate enterprises to continuously increase their investment in R&D. The US Congress passed a series of bills to further explore the commercial potential of the federal development plan, establish a cooperative relationship with the private sector, and enhance the competitiveness of the United States. The Mixed Business and Competition Act of 1988 brought the United States closer to the civil society. The President’s report on Clinton’s Science for the National Interest and Technology for the National Interest has made the business community have an impact on the development of research and development priorities, and has maintained international competitiveness with the help of the United States. Semiconductors, optoelectronics, and automobiles in the United States have benefited greatly from their close relationship with each other. An obvious feature of Bush’s science and technology policy is that it emphasizes long-term considerations, that is, while strengthening basic research, popularizing science education, and improving the quality of education, it has strengthened the rapid commercialization of scientific and technological achievements and new technologies, which has largely broken through. Traditional policy development ideas. The US national policy regards high-tech cultivation and industrialization development, perfecting market rules and competitive environment as its long-term goals. It has been established through legislation and has created external conditions for the growth of many enterprises.
The following measures have played a huge role in the process of technology promotion in the United States:
The semiconductor lighting industry has formed a three-legged industrial distribution and competition pattern dominated by Asia, the United States and Europe. The global LED industry is mainly distributed in Japan and Taiwan. Among them, Japan's LED output value reached 2.87 billion U.S. dollars in 2005, accounting for nearly 50% of global LED output value; Taiwan (including production on Taiwan and mainland China) LED output value reached 2005 1.2 billion US dollars, accounting for about 21% of the global LED output value ranked second.
Emphasis on basic research and applied research
Enhanced financial support for R&D activities, increased federal investment, and support for basic research; total US spending on research and development for the full year 1997 reached $205.6 billion, an increase of 6.5% from $193.2 billion in 1996. Excluding the impact of inflation, the actual growth rate of total R&D expenditure in the United States in 1997 was 3.8%. Compared with economic indicators, the actual growth rate of US gross domestic product (GDP) (excluding the impact of inflation) is 2.4%, so the growth rate of total R&D expenditure in the United States is significantly higher than the growth rate of the economy. Among the US$205.6 billion in total research and development expenditure in 1997, expenditures for basic research, applied research, and development were $31.1 billion, $46.2 billion, and $128.3 billion, respectively, accounting for 15.1% of total expenditure. 22.5%, 62.4%. Compared with 1996, the actual growth rates of basic research, applied research, and development are about 2.8%, 3.9%, and 4.0%, respectively, after deducting inflation.
Strengthen scientific decision making
Simplify federal decision-making bodies and mechanisms to eliminate unnecessary and cumbersome rules and practices that hinder industry competition and strengthen the role of scientific advisors in policy development.
Establish multidisciplinary engineering research center based on colleges and universities
By engaging in meaningful interdisciplinary research, improving the university's ability to innovate, cultivating outstanding engineers, and helping companies improve their competitiveness in the international market, it is a new form of combining new technologies, education and production.
Encourage universities and companies to engage in R&D activities
The United States encourages universities and companies to engage in R&D activities through a series of incentives.
★ Change the direct participation in science and technology activities, the department plays a leading role, focusing on the stimulation of private sector through the creation of a more conducive environment for private sector innovation; the United States is “research contract, research funding and cooperation†The “research†and other forms of funding to enterprises, universities or other departments have greatly stimulated the enthusiasm of enterprises and universities for technological innovation.
★ The United States' Research and Development Act of 1978 stipulated that the profit portion of an enterprise used for R&D would not be taxed.
★ The S Amendment Act passed by the US Congress in 1982 stipulates that knowledge-intensive companies can pay less than one-third of the tax.
★ In terms of science and technology policy, it has opened up an era from “total support†to “marginal supportâ€. First, tax incentives for corporate R&D. In 1981, the Economic Rehabilitation Tax Law was passed, which stipulated that enterprises could enjoy a 25% tax reduction on R&D expenditures exceeding the three-year average. In the early 1960s, the federal support for R&D was 65 for the entire R&D investment. %, until 1980, the R&D investment in the US business community began, and the growth rate remained at 7.3% in the following years. From 1985 to 1990, the average annual growth rate was 2.2% and 3.7% respectively. Since 1993, the R&D investment in the US business community has been growing rapidly year by year. In 1994 and 1995, the two-digit growth rate was high. In 1996, enterprises R&D investment in the sector was 113.5 billion US dollars, accounting for 61.6% of the total national R&D expenditure. According to analysts, R&D spending in the US business sector will continue to grow in the next few years. In 2004, it will exceed $250 billion, accounting for 71.5% of the country's total R&D.
Strengthen intellectual property protection
It not only strengthens intellectual property protection in the United States, but also strengthens the protection of US intellectual property rights worldwide through the Uruguay Round.
Promote technology to economic transformation
Encourage technological innovation and promote the industrialization and commercialization of high-tech by establishing incentive mechanisms and encouraging entrepreneurs' entrepreneurial spirit. For example, the Bay Dole Act introduced in the United States in 1980, in the early 1980s, greatly promoted the transformation of high-tech achievements in the United States. In 1993, he published "Technology for Economic Growth - New Directions for Strengthening Economic Strength" and "Technology for Promoting Economic Growth - President's Development Report" and other reports. According to the changes in contemporary science and technology and the economy, the research on related disciplines has been strengthened to reduce the barriers to the transformation of technology into economic benefits, with a focus on strengthening the transfer of federal technology to the private sector. Transfer the leading or owned technological achievements to the private sector through appropriate channels, mainly through cooperation between enterprises, universities and federal laboratories. Allowing most federal laboratories to grant patented technology to companies and universities in an exclusive manner to encourage private companies to invest more resources, promote the transfer of federal technology to the private sector, commercialize federal results, and absorb private resources to achieve these technologies. Commercialization and civil use promote the mutual cooperation of universities, enterprises and federal laboratories, and make use of resources to promote the leverage of private capital and promote industrial technological innovation. To this end, the "University and Small Business Patent Procedure Law", "Technology Innovation Law" and "Federal Technology Transfer Law" have been formulated.
At the same time, the United States has also promoted cooperation between enterprises by relaxing the provisions of antitrust laws, and at the same time ensuring the development of the United States by encouraging international cooperation in science and technology and revitalizing science and technology education.
High-tech research, development, and transformation are done by organizational research institutions and companies. For example, the United States funds federal laboratories to cooperate with the business community. Developed countries use venture capital to solve the financial difficulties of high-tech enterprises in the initial stage, and integrate them with various key technologies of integration, enterprises and research institutions, and the use of mature technologies emerging from many small and medium-sized high-tech enterprises. high-tech products.
Its Mountain Stone - Sematech, USA
Under the financial support, the successful strategic technology alliance is the United States' semiconductor manufacturing technology strategic alliance - Sematech (Semitech Manufacturing Technology)
In the United States, the semiconductor industry was one of the largest high-tech industries in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Moreover, the industry also provides products for other high-tech industries, such as computer equipment and telecommunications equipment. At the same time, the semiconductor industry is still ranked Research the most intensive industry in development activities. For this reason, in order to encourage the improvement of semiconductor manufacturing technology in the United States, in 1987, under the support of the US == annual budget subsidy of 1 billion US dollars, 14 leading companies in the US semiconductor manufacturing industry formed the R&D strategic technology alliance, namely Sematech . Its mission is twofold: first, to increase the number of research on semiconductor technology; second, to provide research and development resources for member companies within the alliance, so that they can share results and reduce waste caused by repeated research. Sematech focuses on general process development rather than product development. According to some scholars, this kind of strategic technology alliance will potentially benefit its member companies and will not threaten their core capabilities. Sematech is responsible for purchasing and testing semiconductor manufacturing equipment, disseminating technical knowledge to its member companies, and reducing the cost of equipment development and introduction by reducing the need for repeated development and testing of new tools through unified purchase and testing.
Since the establishment of Sematech is aimed at improving the technology of the domestic semiconductor industry in the United States, its members are limited to semiconductor companies in the United States, and subsidiaries of foreign companies in the United States cannot join (for example, in 1988, the application of Hitachi’s branch in the United States) It was rejected), however, there are no restrictions on joint ventures that operate in cooperation with foreign companies. Sematech cannot participate in the sale of semiconductor products, cannot design semiconductor products, and cannot limit the R&D expenditures of its member companies outside strategic alliances. Sematech's member companies are obligated to provide financial and human resources to the alliance. For example, member companies need to pay 1% of their semiconductor sales revenue to the alliance, that is, the minimum payment of 1 million US dollars, the highest payment of 15 million US dollars; in terms of human resources, among the 400 technicians in Sematech, about 220 technicians from their member companies, from strategic technology alliance member companies, will work at Sematech's headquarters in Austin for six to 30 months. Although Sematech also has some shortcomings, such as its membership fee policy (member companies need to pay 1% of semiconductor sales revenue to the alliance, the minimum payment of 1 million US dollars, the highest payment of 15 million US dollars) is widely criticized. This cost is a considerable financial burden for companies with sales below $10 million, and is negligible for companies with sales of more than $1.5 billion. According to some smaller companies, they can't afford such expensive fees, and they can't send the best technicians in their business to Sematech headquarters for a year or more. Moreover, even if they can join Sematech, their impact on the process of joint research is very limited. However, it should also be noted that the US Semiconductor Technology Research Strategic Alliance has gradually reduced its member companies' spending on R&D activities, reduced duplication of research, and shared research results. This means that R&D expenditures within the alliance are more efficient than R&D expenditures for individual companies, ie, R&D expenditures are reduced, and research activities are increased; or with the same amount of research, with less expenditure. It also means that if there is no budget support for ==, member companies within the alliance are more inclined to autonomously fund R&D activities of strategic alliances. At the same time, research has also shown that Sematech's technology spillovers for non-member semiconductor companies are also increasing.
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