Detailed explanation of terminology specific to robots

How does the robot move?

Axis/degree of freedom

The number or degree of freedom of the axes describes how the robot arm or body manipulates. A good indicator of the number of axes is the number of joints; the more joints, the higher the degree of freedom. However, the axes and joints are not always proportional to 1:1; this depends on how each joint moves and how the robot is designed. In general, the joints of the two motors provide two degrees of freedom.

The axes start with x, y, and z, then add the ability to tilt and rotate. Freedom is a very important consideration and ability (or limitation) when choosing a robot for an application.

Although more axes/degrees of freedom give you more flexibility, it also makes programming more complicated.

End effector

The end effector is the end of the arm tool, or the "hand" at the end of the robot arm. Common end effectors include grippers, vacuum cups, and special tools such as cutting, drilling, and deburring. To add functionality to some end effectors, you can add sensors or cameras.

Hand guidance

It is often found in collaborative robots that manual guidance allows the robot to manually move to different locations or road signs to help "teach" the robot how to perform the task. Hand guidance is often used to develop collaborative robots.

achieve

Arrival sounds like a simple term; however, it is more complicated than simple horizontal and vertical limits. You must also look at the position of the arm when it reaches its destination. The greater the axis or degree of freedom of the robot, the smaller the linearity achieved. You need to consider how your arm moves; for example, you can't touch your elbow and you can reach obstacles.

Repeatability

Repeatability means that the robot does the same thing over and over again. This may be off target, but if you stay off target in the same place, the repeatability is high. It is useful to consider both repeatability and accuracy.

Tool changer

When multiple different end effectors need to be used on the same robot, the tool changer simplifies the process by providing an "easy to switch" interface between the end of the robot arm and the tool.

How much can the robot increase?

Payload

The weight that a robot can carry is called the payload. The end effector you choose will also have a payload. If you want to re-use the robot, the payload is not just a factor in the initial implementation.

If the payload is too small, switching from picking a light board to lifting a stack of shelves would not be feasible. Lower payload robots tend to be lighter and easier to move and redeploy; however, the payload must be able to adapt to each situation. Components such as cameras and end effectors included on the robot must be included in the calculation of the payload.

Grip

Grip force is the force exerted by an end effector on an object as it moves. The grip is not the same as the payload. Think about the grip of a tennis player or rock climber.

Although people can lift the maximum weight (payload) by hand, their grip also plays an important role in how successful they are in the chosen activity. So, you not only need to consider the payload or strength of the end effector, but you also need to consider how tight the end effector needs to keep the object.

Is the robot safe?

cooperation

When it comes to collaborative robots, people often think that limiting robots have built-in safety features that can be safely operated on people. However, there may be a limited-powered robot that does not work collaboratively safely. There is also a robot that is not limited by force and has another safety feature that can be used near human workers.

Mandatory restriction

Restriction is a safety feature that allows the robot to operate near people without cages or other obstacles. A force-limited robot usually moves at a slow, safe speed, and there are sensors to detect the impact and will stop moving if the threshold is exceeded.

Evolving technology

As automation and robotics continue to innovate, new terminology will be introduced and existing terminology will change. As robotics evolves, this list will need to be revisited, trimmed and expanded.

Ternary Series

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